SPSS统计分析高级教程

SPSS统计分析高级教程

ISBN：7-04-015864-7
主 编：张文彤（复旦大学）
副主编：董伟（博塔（中国）有限公司）
出版社：高等教育出版社
出版日期：2004年9月 第1版
定价：36元

公卫百科

目录： 公卫百科

第一部分 一般线性与混合线性模型
第一章 方差分析模型 公卫百科

1.1 模型简介

1.1.1 模型入门.

1.1.2 常用术语........................................................................................................................................
1.1.3 方差分析模型的适用条件............................................................................................................ 公卫人
1.2 简单分析实例....................................................................................................
1.2.1 模型表达式.................................................................................................................................... 公卫人
1.2.2 初步分析结果................................................................................................................................
1.2.3 模型参数的估计值........................................................................................................................ 公卫人
1.2.4 两两比较........................................................................................................................................
1.2.5 其他常用选项................................................................................................................................ 公卫百科
1.3 两因素方差分析模型.........................................................................................
1.3.1 分析实例........................................................................................................................................

1.3.2 边际均数与轮廓图........................................................................................................................
1.3.3 拟和劣度检验................................................................................................................................ 公卫人
1.4 因素各水平间的精细比较..................................................................................
1.4.1 POSTHOC子句............................................................................................................................. 公卫家园
1.4.2 EMMEANS子句...........................................................................................................................
1.4.3 LMATRIX和KMATRIX子句................................................................................................... 公卫考场

1.4.4 CONSTRAST子句........................................................................................................................
1.5 随机因素的方差分析模型.................................................................................. 公卫考场
1.6 其它问题...........................................................................................................
1.6.1 自定义效应检验使用的误差项.................................................................................................... 公卫人
1.6.2 四类方差分解方法........................................................................................................................

第二章 常用实验设计分析方法············································································

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2.1 仅研究主效应的实验设计方案...........................................................................
2.1.1 完全随机设计（Completely Random Design）...........................................................................
2.1.2 配伍组设计（Randomized Block Design）.................................................................................. 公卫考场
2.1.3 交叉设计（Cross-over Design）...................................................................................................
2.1.4 拉丁方设计（Latin Square Design）............................................................................................
2.2 考虑交互作用的实验设计方案...........................................................................
2.2.1 析因设计（Factorial Design）......................................................................................................
2.2.2 正交设计（Orthogonal Design）..................................................................................................
2.2.3 均匀设计（Uniform Design）.......................................................................................................
2.3 误差项变动的特殊实验设计方案........................................................................
2.3.1 嵌套设计（Nested Design）......................................................................................................... 

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2.3.2 重复测量设计（Repeated Measure Design）.............................................................................. 
2.3.3 裂区设计（Split-plot Design）.....................................................................................................  公卫考场
2.4 协方差分析(Analysis of Covariance)....................................................................
2.4.1 协方差分析的必要性....................................................................................................................
2.4.2 平行性假定的检验........................................................................................................................ 公卫考场
2.4.3 计算和检验修正均数....................................................................................................................

第三章 多元方差分析与重复测量方差分析························································
3.1 多元方差分析....................................................................................................
3.1.1 模型简介........................................................................................................................................

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3.2.2 分析实例........................................................................................................................................
3.3.3 检验统计量的计算........................................................................................................................ 公卫人
3.3.4 对引例的进一步分析....................................................................................................................
3.2 重复测量资料的方差分析..................................................................................
3.2.1 模型简介........................................................................................................................................
3.2.2 分析实例........................................................................................................................................

第四章 混合线性模型入门····················································································
4.1 模型简介...........................................................................................................
4.1.1 问题的提出....................................................................................................................................
4.1.2 模型入门........................................................................................................................................ 公卫人
4.2 层次聚集性数据分析实例..................................................................................
4.1.1 拟合混合线性模型的基本结构....................................................................................................
4.1.2 在固定效应中加入自变量............................................................................................................ 公卫论坛
4.1.3 在随机效应中加入自变量............................................................................................................
4.1.4 更多解释变量的引入....................................................................................................................
4.1.5 其他常用选项................................................................................................................................
4.3 重复测量数据分析实例...................................................................................... 公卫百科
4.3.1 对数据的初步分析........................................................................................................................
4.3.2 拟合混合线性模型的基本结构....................................................................................................

公卫人

4.3.3 考虑重复测量间的相关性............................................................................................................
4.3.4 更改对测量间相关性的假定........................................................................................................

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4.3.5 模型中可用的相关阵种类............................................................................................................
4.4 本章方法小结.................................................................................................... 公卫考场
4.4.1 混合效应模型的用途....................................................................................................................
4.4.2 混合效应模型与一般线性模型的联系........................................................................................ 公卫论坛

第二部分 回归模型
第五章 多重线性回归模型····················································································
5.1 模型简介........................................................................................................... 公卫百科
5.2 简单分析实例....................................................................................................
5.2.1 对数据的初步分析........................................................................................................................ 公卫人
5.2.2 回归模型的假设检验....................................................................................................................
5.2.3 偏回归系数的假设检验................................................................................................................ 公卫考场
5.2.4 标准化偏回归系数........................................................................................................................
5.2.5 衡量多元线性回归模型优劣的标准............................................................................................

公卫论坛

5.3 回归预测与残差分析.........................................................................................
5.3.1 回归预测与区间估计.................................................................................................................... 公卫论坛
5.3.2 残差分析与模型适用条件的检验................................................................................................
5.4 逐步回归...........................................................................................................

公卫考场

5.4.1 筛选自变量的基本原则................................................................................................................
5.4.2 常用的逐步回归方法....................................................................................................................
5.4.3 分析实例........................................................................................................................................
5.5 模型的进一步诊断与修正..................................................................................
5.5.1 强影响点的识别与处理................................................................................................................
5.5.2 多重共线性的识别与处理............................................................................................................ 公卫论坛
5.6 本章方法小结....................................................................................................
5.6.1 回归模型的建立步骤....................................................................................................................

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5.6.2 多重线性回归模型结果解释时应注意的问题............................................................................

第六章 线性回归的衍生模型················································································ 公卫家园
6.1 非直线趋势的处理：曲线直线化........................................................................
6.1.1 方法简介........................................................................................................................................ 公卫家园
6.1.2 使用Linear过程进行分析............................................................................................................
6.1.3 使用曲线拟合过程分析................................................................................................................ 公卫考场
6.2 方差不齐的处理：加权最小二乘法....................................................................
6.2.1 方法简介........................................................................................................................................
6.2.2 使用Linear过程进行分析............................................................................................................
6.2.3 使用WLS过程分析...................................................................................................................... 公卫考场
6.3 共线性的处理：岭回归......................................................................................
6.3.1 方法简介........................................................................................................................................ 公卫论坛
6.3.2 分析实例........................................................................................................................................
6.4 分类变量的数值化：最优尺度回归....................................................................

公卫论坛

6.4.1 方法简介........................................................................................................................................
6.4.2 分析实例........................................................................................................................................ 公卫考场
6.4.3 最优尺度方法的应用注意事项....................................................................................................

第七章 路径分析入门···························································································· 公卫家园

7.1 两阶段最小二乘法.............................................................................................
7.1.1 模型简介........................................................................................................................................ 公卫论坛
7.1.2　使用Linear过程进行分析............................................................................................................
7.1.3 使用2SLS过程进行分析.............................................................................................................. 公卫家园
7.2 路径分析入门....................................................................................................
7.2.1 模型简介........................................................................................................................................ 公卫百科
7.2.2 分析实例........................................................................................................................................

第八章 非线性回归模型························································································

公卫百科

8.1 模型简介...........................................................................................................
8.1.1 问题的提出....................................................................................................................................

公卫论坛

8.1.2 模型入门........................................................................................................................................
8.2 简单分析实例.................................................................................................... 公卫论坛
8.2.1 软件操作与界面说明....................................................................................................................
8.2.2 基本分析结果................................................................................................................................
8.2.3 模型的进一步分析........................................................................................................................
8.3 自定义损失函数：最小一乘法实例....................................................................
8.3.1 分析实例........................................................................................................................................ 公卫百科
8.3.3 结果解释........................................................................................................................................
8.4 分段回归模型的拟合......................................................................................... 公卫论坛

8.4.1 分析实例........................................................................................................................................
8.4.2 结果解释........................................................................................................................................ 公卫人
8.4.3 模型的进一步分析........................................................................................................................
8.5 其他需要注意的问题.........................................................................................

8.5.1 参数初始值的设定........................................................................................................................
8.5.2 模型的拟合方法............................................................................................................................ 公卫考场

第九章 二分类logistic回归模型············································································

9.1 模型简介...........................................................................................................

9.1.1 模型入门........................................................................................................................................

9.1.2 一些基本概念................................................................................................................................ 公卫家园

9.2 简单分析实例....................................................................................................

9.3 分类自变量的定义与比较方法...........................................................................

9.3.1 使用哑变量的必要性....................................................................................................................

9.3.2 SPSS中预设的哑变量编码方式...................................................................................................

9.3.3 设置哑变量时要注意的问题........................................................................................................ 公卫人

9.4 自变量的筛选方法与逐步回归...........................................................................

9.4.1 模型中的假设检验方法................................................................................................................ 公卫论坛

9.4.2 自变量的筛选方法........................................................................................................................

9.4.3 分析实例........................................................................................................................................

9.5 模型拟合效果与拟合优度检验...........................................................................

9.5.1 模型效果的判断指标....................................................................................................................

9.5.2 拟合优度检验................................................................................................................................

9.6 模型的诊断与修正.............................................................................................

9.6.1 残差分析........................................................................................................................................

9.6.2 多重共线性的识别及其对回归系数的影响及处理办法............................................................

第十章 多分类、配对logistic回归与probit回归·················································

10.1 有序多分类logistic回归模型............................................................................ 公卫论坛

10.1.1 模型简介......................................................................................................................................

10.1.2 分析实例......................................................................................................................................

公卫人

10.1.3 模型适用条件的检验..................................................................................................................

10.2 无序多分类logistic回归模型............................................................................ 公卫人

10.2.1 模型简介......................................................................................................................................

10.2.2 分析实例......................................................................................................................................

10.3 1:1配对logistic回归........................................................................................

10.3.1 模型简介...................................................................................................................................... 公卫百科

10.3.2 分析实例......................................................................................................................................

10.4 probit回归模型................................................................................................ 公卫考场

10.4.1 模型简介......................................................................................................................................

10.4.2 实例一：与logistic模型比较..................................................................................................... 公卫人

10.4.3 实例二：计算LD50....................................................................................................................



第三部分 多元统计分析方法



第十一章 主成分分析与因子分析········································································ 公卫考场

11.1 主成分分析......................................................................................................

11.1.1 模型入门......................................................................................................................................

公卫论坛

11.1.2 简单分析实例..............................................................................................................................

11.1.3 对主成分分析的进一步说明...................................................................................................... 公卫百科

11.2 因子分析.........................................................................................................

11.2.1 模型入门...................................................................................................................................... 公卫考场

11.2.4 简单分析实例..............................................................................................................................

11.3 因子分析的进一步讨论.................................................................................... 公卫百科

11.3.1 不同的因子分析法......................................................................................................................

11.3.2 相关阵和协方差.......................................................................................................................... 公卫家园

11.3.3 确定公因子数量..........................................................................................................................

11.4 因子分析综合案例...........................................................................................

11.5 主成分分析和因子分析的比较..........................................................................

第十二章 聚类分析································································································

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12.1 模型简介.........................................................................................................

12.1.1 问题的提出.................................................................................................................................. 公卫论坛

12.1.2 聚类分析入门..............................................................................................................................

12.1.3 聚类分析的方法体系.................................................................................................................. 公卫考场

12.2 层次聚类法.....................................................................................................

12.2.1 方法原理...................................................................................................................................... 公卫百科

12.2.2 分析实例......................................................................................................................................

12.2.3 对层次聚类法的进一步讨论...................................................................................................... 公卫论坛

12.3 K-均值聚类法..................................................................................................

12.3.1 方法原理......................................................................................................................................

12.3.2 分析实例......................................................................................................................................

12.4 两步聚类法简介..............................................................................................

12.4.1 方法原理......................................................................................................................................

12.4.2 分析实例......................................................................................................................................

12.5 本章方法小结..................................................................................................

第十三章 判别分析································································································

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13.1 模型简介.........................................................................................................

13.1.1 典型判别分析的基本原理..........................................................................................................

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13.1.2 判别分析的适用条件和违背条件时的处理方法......................................................................

13.1.3 判别效果的评价.......................................................................................................................... 公卫论坛

13.1.4 判别分析的一般步骤..................................................................................................................

13.2 简单分析实例.................................................................................................. 公卫考场

13.2.1 软件操作与界面说明..................................................................................................................

13.2.2 基本分析结果.............................................................................................................................. 公卫家园

13.2.3 判别结果的图形化展示..............................................................................................................

13.2.4 判别效果的验证.......................................................................................................................... 公卫人

13.2.5 适用条件的判断方法..................................................................................................................

13.3 贝叶斯判别分析.............................................................................................. 公卫百科

13.3.1 方法原理......................................................................................................................................

13.3.2 软件实现...................................................................................................................................... 公卫人

13.4 对判别分析的进一步讨论................................................................................

13.4.1 逐步判别分析..............................................................................................................................

13.4.2 判别分析和因子分析的相似性和差异......................................................................................

13.4.3 二类判别和多重回归的等价性.................................................................................................. 公卫考场

第十四章 典型相关分析························································································

14.1 方法介绍.........................................................................................................

14.1.1 典型相关分析的基本思想..........................................................................................................

14.2.1 典型相关分析的数学描述..........................................................................................................

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14.2 分析实例.........................................................................................................

14.2.1 两组变量间的相关系数..............................................................................................................

14.2.2 典型相关系数及显著性检验......................................................................................................

11.2.3 典型变量的系数..........................................................................................................................

14.2.4 典型结构分析..............................................................................................................................

14.2.5 典型冗余分析.............................................................................................................................. 公卫论坛

14.3 本章方法小结..................................................................................................

14.3.1 典型相关分析的应用.................................................................................................................. 公卫考场

14.3.2 典型相关分析和因子分析..........................................................................................................

第十五章 对应分析································································································ （样章下载） 公卫考场

15.1 模型简介.........................................................................................................

15.1.1 问题的提出.................................................................................................................................. 公卫人

15.1.2 模型入门......................................................................................................................................

15.1.3 SPSS中的相应功能.....................................................................................................................

公卫人

15.2 简单分析实例..................................................................................................

15.2.1 对数据的初步分析...................................................................................................................... 公卫家园

15.2.2 正式分析......................................................................................................................................

15.2.3 对引例的进一步分析.................................................................................................................. 公卫百科

15.3 基于均数的对应分析.......................................................................................

15.3.1 方法原理......................................................................................................................................

15.3.2 分析实例......................................................................................................................................

15.4 多重对应分析..................................................................................................

公卫百科

15.4.1 方法原理......................................................................................................................................

15.4.2 分析实例......................................................................................................................................

公卫百科

15.5 对应分析中的其它问题....................................................................................

15.5.1 对应分析结果的正确解释..........................................................................................................

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15.5.2 罕见类别和相似类别的处理......................................................................................................

15.5.3 有序类别的处理..........................................................................................................................

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15.6 本章方法小结..................................................................................................

15.6.1 对应分析与其它分析方法的关系.............................................................................................. 公卫人

15.6.2 对应分析的优势与劣势..............................................................................................................

第十六章 多维尺度分析························································································

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16.1 古典MDS模型................................................................................................

16.1.1 方法原理......................................................................................................................................

16.1.2 分析实例......................................................................................................................................

16.1.3 距离的计算方式..........................................................................................................................

16.2 非度量MDS模型............................................................................................

16.2.1 数据测量尺度的设定.................................................................................................................. 公卫百科

16.2.2 方法原理......................................................................................................................................

16.2.3 分析实例......................................................................................................................................

公卫百科

16.3 考虑个体差异的MDS模型..............................................................................

16.3.1 方法原理...................................................................................................................................... 公卫考场

16.3.2 分析实例......................................................................................................................................

16.3.3 空间定位图的含义解释..............................................................................................................

16.4 基于最优尺度变换的MDS模型.......................................................................

16.4.1 方法简介...................................................................................................................................... 公卫家园

16.4.2 分析实例......................................................................................................................................

16.5 本章方法小结.................................................................................................. 公卫家园



第四部分 其他统计分析方法



第十七章 对数线性模型与Poisson回归······························································

17.1 对数线性模型简介...........................................................................................

17.1.1 问题的提出..................................................................................................................................

17.1.2 模型入门......................................................................................................................................

公卫论坛

17.1.3 SPSS的相应功能.........................................................................................................................

17.2 一般对数线性模型分析实例.............................................................................

公卫论坛

17.2.1 对数据的初步分析......................................................................................................................

17.2.2 正式分析...................................................................................................................................... 公卫百科

17.2.3 对引例的进一步分析..................................................................................................................

17.3 因果关系明确时的对数线性模型......................................................................

公卫百科

17.4 对数线性模型的选择.......................................................................................

17.4.1 模型的选择策略.......................................................................................................................... 公卫百科

17.4.2 分析实例......................................................................................................................................

17.5 对数线性模型与其它模型的关系......................................................................

公卫百科

17.5.1 对数线性模型与方差分析模型的关系......................................................................................

17.5.2 对数线性模型与Logistic回归的关系........................................................................................ 公卫家园

17.6 Poisson回归模型.............................................................................................

17.6.1 模型简介...................................................................................................................................... 公卫百科

17.6.2 分析实例......................................................................................................................................

第十八章 信度分析································································································ 公卫百科

18.1 信度理论入门..................................................................................................

18.1.1 真分数测量理论.......................................................................................................................... 公卫家园

18.1.2 信度与效度..................................................................................................................................

18.1.3 内在信度与外在信度..................................................................................................................

18.1.4 信度的判断标准..........................................................................................................................

18.2 简单分析实例..................................................................................................

18.2.1 Alpha信度系数...........................................................................................................................

18.2.2 对各题目的深入分析..................................................................................................................

公卫考场

18.2.3 对真分数理论假设的考察..........................................................................................................

18.3 其余常用的信度系数....................................................................................... 公卫人

18.3.1 重测信度......................................................................................................................................

18.3.2 折半信度......................................................................................................................................

18.3.3 Guttman系数...............................................................................................................................

18.3.4 平行模型的信度系数.................................................................................................................. 公卫论坛

18.3.5 严格平行模型的信度系数..........................................................................................................

18.3.6 评分者信度..................................................................................................................................

18.3.7 信度系数总结..............................................................................................................................

18.4 信度理论进阶.................................................................................................. 公卫人

18.4.1 真分数测量理论的缺限..............................................................................................................

18.4.2 概化理论入门..............................................................................................................................

公卫论坛

18.4.3 SPSS中相应的分析功能.............................................................................................................

第十九章 生存分析································································································ 公卫人

19.1 生存分析简介..................................................................................................

19.1.1 生存分析简史..............................................................................................................................

公卫论坛

19.1.2 生存分析中的基本概念..............................................................................................................

19.1.3 生存分析的基本步骤..................................................................................................................

19.1.4 SPSS与生存分析.........................................................................................................................

19.2 生存函数的估计和检验....................................................................................

公卫考场

19.2.1 生存函数的基本估计方法..........................................................................................................

19.2.2 Kaplan-Meier法...........................................................................................................................

公卫论坛

19.2.3 寿命表法......................................................................................................................................

19.2.4 Kaplan-Meier法和寿命表法比较...............................................................................................

公卫考场

19.3 Cox回归模型..................................................................................................

19.3.1 Cox模型入门...............................................................................................................................

公卫考场

19.3.2 分析实例......................................................................................................................................

19.3.3 比例风险性的图形验证.............................................................................................................. 公卫百科

19.4 含时间依存性变量的Cox模型.........................................................................

19.4.1 时依协变量的种类......................................................................................................................

公卫家园

19.4.2 用时依模型验证比例风险性......................................................................................................

19.4.3 用时依模型评价处理因素的影响..............................................................................................

公卫家园

19.4.4 用时依模型评价重复测量因子的影响......................................................................................

19.5 关于Cox模型的一些高级话题.........................................................................

19.5.1 生存分析中的分层变量..............................................................................................................

19.5.2 用Cox回归过程拟合配伍Logistic回归...................................................................................

19.5.3 竞争风险的Cox模型..................................................................................................................

第二十章 缺失值分析入门····················································································

20.1 缺失值理论简介..............................................................................................

20.1.1 数据的缺失机制..........................................................................................................................

20.1.2 SPSS中对缺失值的处理方法.....................................................................................................

公卫考场

20.2 对缺失情况的基本分析....................................................................................

20.2.1 缺失值数据的生成...................................................................................................................... 公卫百科

20.2.2 对缺失模式的分析......................................................................................................................

20.2.3 缺失情况的统计描述..................................................................................................................

公卫考场

20.3 缺失值填充技术..............................................................................................

20.3.1 列表输出...................................................................................................................................... 公卫论坛

20.3.2 使用回归算法进行填充..............................................................................................................

20.3.3 使用EM算法进行填充.............................................................................................................. 公卫论坛

20.3.4 多重填充技术简介......................................................................................................................



附录 常见多变量/多元统计分析方法分类图.............................................................