Health
WHO definition of Health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
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Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19-22 June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948 公卫人
The definition of public health that has perhaps best stood the test of time is that suggested by Winslow almost 90 years ago
Public health is the science and art of disease prevention, prolonging life, and promoting health and well-being through organized community effort for the sanitation of the environment, the control of communicable infections, the organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and prevention of disease, the education of the individual in personal health and the development of the social machinery to assure everyone a standard of living adequate for the maintenance or improvement of health.(1920)
公卫人
In the Dictionary of epidemiology (2001), Last defined public health as “one of the efforts to protect, promote and restore the people’s health. It is the combination of sciences, skills and beliefs that is directed to the maintenance and improvement of the health of all the people through collective or social actions”.
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International health is defined by Merson, Black, and Mills (International public health:
diseases, programs, systems, and policies, 2nd edn. Sudbury MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2006) as
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“the application of the principles of public health to problems and challenges that affect low and middle-income countries and to the complex array of global and local forces that influence them” 公卫人
公卫人
"Global health is an area for study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. Global health emphasizes transnational health issues, determinants and solutions; involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences and promotes interdisciplinary collaboration; and is a synthesis of population-based prevention with individual-level clinical care."
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Koplan JP, Bond TC, Merson MH, Reddy KS, Rodriguez MH, Sewankambo NK, Wasserheit JN; for the Consortium of Universities for Global Health Executive Board. "Towards a common definition of global health." Lancet. Volume 373, Issue 9679, 6 June 2009-12 June 2009, Pages 1993-1995
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公卫考场
| Global health | International health | Public health | |
| Geographical reach | Focuses on issues that directly or indirectly affect health but that can transcend national boundaries | Focuses on health issues of countries other than one’s own, especially those of low-income and middle-income | Focuses on issues that affect the health of the population of a particular community or country |
| Level of cooperation | Development and implementation of solutions often requires global cooperation | Development and implementation of solutions usually requires binational cooperation | Development and implementation of solutions does not usually require global cooperation |
| Individuals or populations | Embraces both prevention in populations and clinical care of individuals | Embraces both prevention in populations and clinical care of individuals | Mainly focused on prevention programmes for populations |
| Access to health | Health equity among nations and for all people is a major objective | Seeks to help people of other nations | Health equity within a nation or community is a major objective |
| Range of disciplines | Highly interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary within and beyond health sciences | Embraces a few disciplines but has not emphasised multidisciplinarity | Encourages multidisciplinary approaches, particularly within health sciences and with social sciences |
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