残余混杂
残余混杂(residual confounding): 公卫考场
Residual confounding is the distortion that remains after controlling for confounding in the design and/or analysis of a study. 公卫百科
There are three causes of residual confounding: 公卫人
1、There were additional confounding factors that were not considered, or there was no attempt to adjust for them, because data on these factors was not collected. 公卫百科
2、Control of confounding was not tight enough. 公卫家园
For example, a study of the association between physical activity and age might control for confounding by age by a) restricting the study population to subject between the ages of 30-80 or b) matching subjects by age within 20 year categories. In either event there might be persistent differences in age among the groups being compared. Residual differences in confounding might also occur in a randomized clinical trial if the sample size was small. In a stratified analysis or in a regression analysis there could be residual confounding because data on confounding variable was not precise enough, e.g., age was simply classified as "young" or "old".
在分层分析中,层数越多,也就是层间距越小的时候,控制混杂的能力会优于宽间距少层数的分法。分层分析所能够控制的仅仅是层间混杂(between-stratum confounding),而对层内部仍存在的那一部分混杂(within-stratum confounding)则无能为力。层内的这部分混杂此时也被称为残余混杂(residual confounding)。残余混杂这个名词有时也在其他情况,如根本没有被控制的混杂,或者是某因素被完全控制但对它的测量从一开始就是不准确的。
为了尽量避免层内的残余混杂,应该进行更加细致地分层,增加层的数目,另外最好不要出现开区间的层(比如,大于等于55岁)。但如分层如果过于细致,会带来数据的不合理性,某些格子内的数字过小,使得结果变得不稳定。在实际应用中,应该根据需要在如何更好控制混杂和避免产生随机错误之中找到一个适当的平衡点。 公卫考场
3、There were many errors in the classification of subjects with respect to confounding variables. 公卫家园
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